Comprehensive Health Management for Children with Intellectual Disabilities: Focus on Immunity. By Dr. Nadeem Ghayas
February 5, 2025
Intellectual disability (ID) is a term used when a person has certain limitations in cognitive functioning and skills, including conceptual, social and practical skills, such as language, social and self-care skills. These limitations can cause a person to develop and learn more slowly or differently than a typically developing person. Intellectual disability can happen any time before a person turns 22 years old, even before birth. Intellectual disability is the most common developmental disability.
According to the American Association of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, an individual has intellectual disability if he or she meets three criteria:
- IQ is below 70.
- There are significant limitations in adaptive behavior in one or more of the following areas: conceptual, social or practical skills (skills that are needed to live, work, and play in the community).
- The condition manifests itself before the age of 22.
The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases. It detects and responds to a wide variety of pathogens, from viruses to bacteria, as well as cancer cells, parasitic worms, and also objects such as wood splinters, distinguishing them from the organism’s own healthy tissue. Improving the immune system of ID children incorporates both physical health practices and mental well-being. These children may face many challenges, such as limited communication, motor difficulties, and from time to time specific medical conditions that affect their immune system. Their immune systems can be supported as under:
Nutrition and Diet
Proper nutrition requires for strong immune system. A balanced diet that includes sufficient vitamins, minerals, and proteins is needed. Vitamins are crucial for boosting immunity. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish and flaxseeds, also play a role in reducing inflammation. A deficiency in micronutrients, particularly zinc, iron, and vitamin D, can make children more susceptible to infections. Including a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins in their meals helps support overall immune function. In some cases, working with a nutritionist might be beneficial to address individual needs, especially if the child has limited food preferences or feeding difficulties.
Physical Activity
Physical activity helps in the circulation of immune cells, boosting the body’s ability to fight infections. Even light exercises such as stretching, walking, or playing can enhance blood flow, which is essential for immune function. For children with ID, adapting exercise routines that are both fun and suitable to their capabilities can encourage regular physical activity. Therapists such as Occupational therapists or physical therapists can provide strategies to make exercise more accessible and enjoyable for them.
Sleep Hygiene
Adequate sleep is critical factor in strengthening the immune system. Poor sleep can impair the body’s immune response and increase vulnerability to infections. Such children may have irregular sleep patterns due to neurological or behavioral issues. Developing a consistent bedtime routine, reducing screen time before sleep, and ensuring a comfortable sleep environment can improve their sleep quality.
Stress Reduction
Stress has a negative impact on immune health by raising cortisol levels, which can suppress the immune system. Intellectual disabilities are often accompanied by emotional and behavioral challenges that can cause stress both for the child and their caregivers. Implementing relaxation techniques, e.g. such as mindfulness, deep breathing exercises, or even therapies like music and art therapy, can help in reducing stress. Moreover, providing a stable and predictable routine can provide emotional security, which is beneficial for reducing stress.
Immunizations and Medical Care
Children with ID may require specific medical care and attention. Regular immunizations are important in protecting them from infections. Furthermore, it’s essential to monitor their health closely, as they might experience more severe complications from illnesses. Regular check-ups with a pediatrician who understands the complexities of intellectual disabilities ensure early identification of any health issues that may impact the immune system.
Social Interaction
Positive social interactions are another important aspect of immune health. Interaction with peers, caregivers, and family members helps to alleviate feelings of isolation, which can have a negative impact on overall health. Social activities tailored to their abilities can encourage cognitive and emotional development, which indirectly supports the immune system by reducing stress and improving overall mental well-being.
References
- Shah, A., & Jadhav, A. (2021). Nutritional Intervention in Children with Intellectual Disabilities: Implications for Health and Development. Journal of Pediatric Healthcare.
- Kundu, S., & Mehta, R. (2018). The Role of Physical Activity in the Immune Function of Children with Disabilities. Disability and Rehabilitation.
- Smith, L., & Miller, R. (2019). Stress and Immunity in Children with Intellectual Disabilities: A Review of Coping Mechanisms. International Journal of Special Education
- Lee, A., & Lee, J. (2020). Sleep and Immune Health: The Impact of Sleep Disorders on Children with Intellectual Disabilities. Journal of Child Sleep Disorders.